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The Sonnet: A Critical Analysis in English Literature
Introduction to the Sonnet
The sonnet is one of the most enduring and influential poetic forms in English literature. Originating in Italy during the 13th century, it was later popularized in England by poets such as William Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser. A sonnet is a structured 14-line poem that adheres to a specific rhyme scheme and meter, typically iambic pentameter. This poetic form has been widely used for expressing themes of love, beauty, mortality, and philosophical musings.
The word "sonnet" is derived from the Italian word sonetto, meaning "little song" or "little sound." Over the centuries, poets have adapted and experimented with this form, giving rise to different types of sonnets that showcase diverse thematic concerns and stylistic innovations.
Origin and Development of the Sonnet
The sonnet first emerged in 13th-century Italy, with Giacomo da Lentini often credited as its inventor. However, it was the works of Petrarch that cemented the form’s popularity. Petrarchan sonnets typically explored themes of unattainable love and deep personal reflection.
The sonnet form was later introduced to England by Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, in the early 16th century. Their adaptations laid the groundwork for future English sonneteers, including Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare, who refined and personalized the form, leading to its golden age during the Renaissance.
Types of Sonnets with Examples
1. The Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet
The Petrarchan sonnet, named after the Italian poet Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch), consists of two parts:
- An octave (eight lines) with the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA, presenting a theme, argument, or problem.
- A sestet (six lines) with variable rhyme schemes (CDECDE, CDCDCD, etc.), providing a resolution or counterargument.
Example:
William Wordsworth’s "London, 1802" follows this structure:
Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour:
England hath need of thee: she is a fen
Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,
Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower,
Have forfeited their ancient English dower...
Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee: she is a fen Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen, Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower, Have forfeited their ancient English dower...
2. The Shakespearean (English) Sonnet
The Shakespearean sonnet, developed by William Shakespeare, features:
- Three quatrains (four-line stanzas) with an ABAB CDCD EFEF rhyme scheme.
- A rhymed couplet (GG) at the end, often delivering a punchline, revelation, or twist.
Example:
Sonnet 18 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?") is one of Shakespeare’s most famous sonnets:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
3. The Spenserian Sonnet
Created by Edmund Spenser, this variation modifies the rhyme scheme to ABAB BCBC CDCD EE, allowing each quatrain to interlink, creating a flowing effect.
Example:
From Amoretti by Edmund Spenser:
Happy ye leaves when as those lily hands,
Which hold my life in their dead-doing might,
Shall handle you and hold in love's soft bands,
Like captives trembling at the victor's sight.
Happy ye leaves when as those lily hands, Which hold my life in their dead-doing might, Shall handle you and hold in love's soft bands, Like captives trembling at the victor's sight.
4. The Miltonic Sonnet
John Milton expanded the sonnet’s thematic scope beyond love, exploring politics, religion, and personal struggles. The Miltonic sonnet often features an unbroken flow of thought with minimal volta (the traditional shift in argument or theme).
Example:
From Milton’s "On His Blindness":
When I consider how my light is spent,
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent...
When I consider how my light is spent, Ere half my days in this dark world and wide, And that one talent which is death to hide Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent...
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