Biography of john milton in english
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| John Milton Born -9 December 1608 Death -9 November 1674 |
John Milton (December 9, 1608–November 8?, 1674) is hailed as one of England’s greatest literary figures, second only to William Shakespeare. Renowned for his magnum opus, Paradise Lost, Milton’s works have left an indelible mark on English literature, politics, and theology. This article delves into the fascinating life, monumental works, and profound influence of this literary giant.
Early Life and Education
John Milton was born in London to a middle-class family. His father, John Milton Sr., was disinherited by his Roman Catholic father, Richard Milton, for adopting Protestantism. Banished and starting anew as a scrivener in London, Milton Sr. ensured his son received an exceptional education.
Young Milton attended St. Paul’s School in 1620 and was tutored privately by the Scottish Presbyterian Thomas Young, who influenced his religious and political ideologies. At St. Paul’s, Milton befriended Charles Diodati, a lifelong confidant. Educated in Latin, Greek, and Italian, Milton’s linguistic prowess became evident when he later composed Italian sonnets and spoke Italian fluently.
In 1625, Milton enrolled at Christ’s College, Cambridge, intending to join the ministry. However, conflicts with his tutor William Chappell led to his temporary expulsion. Reinstated under a new tutor, Nathaniel Tovey, Milton earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1629 and a Master of Arts in 1632. Despite his academic success, Milton grew disillusioned with Cambridge, criticizing its Scholastic teaching methods and lack of camaraderie.
Milton’s Literary Genius
After leaving Cambridge, Milton spent six years in “studious retirement” at his family’s homes in Hammersmith and later Horton, Buckinghamshire. Supported by his father, Milton immersed himself in Greek and Latin literature, honing his poetic craft.
Milton’s most celebrated work, Paradise Lost (1667), is widely regarded as the greatest epic poem in English. The poem, written in blank verse, explores themes of human fallibility, divine justice, and redemption, solidifying Milton’s status as a literary luminary. This masterpiece, alongside Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes, underscores his mastery of language and theological insight.
Political Philosophy and Activism
Milton’s literary output was matched by his political engagement. A staunch advocate of liberty, he opposed tyranny and state-sanctioned religion. He supported the abolition of the Church of England and called for the execution of Charles I during the English Civil Wars (1642–1651).
Serving as a civil servant for the English Commonwealth after 1649, Milton became the voice of the government, defending it against foreign criticism. His writings on theology emphasized liberty of conscience and religious toleration, shaping political thought during the American and French revolutions.
Legacy and Influence
Milton’s contributions extended beyond literature. His ability to blend profound theological themes with linguistic brilliance ensured his works resonated with audiences for centuries. His personal life also reflected his values of resilience and dedication. Despite losing his eyesight, Milton continued to compose extraordinary works, dictating them to his aides.
John Milton’s life was a testament to the power of intellect, faith, and perseverance. From his humble beginnings to his literary zenith, Milton remains an enduring figure whose works continue to inspire readers worldwide.
Personal Life and Final Years
Milton’s personal life was marked by significant challenges, including blindness, political upheaval, and familial struggles. By 1652, he had lost his eyesight, likely due to glaucoma, but this did not deter his literary pursuits. He composed his later works, including Paradise Lost, by dictating them to aides and family members.
Milton married three times. His first wife, Mary Powell, left him shortly after their marriage, though she later returned, and they had four children together. After her death, Milton married Katherine Woodcock, who also passed away shortly after childbirth. His third marriage to Elizabeth Minshull brought him some solace in his final years.
The restoration of Charles II in 1660 brought peril to Milton, as his political writings and stance against monarchy made him a target. He narrowly escaped execution, likely due to intercession by his brother Christopher and influential friends. Milton spent his final years in relative obscurity, focusing on his literary work until his death in November 1674.
Enduring Legacy
John Milton’s legacy is unparalleled in English literature. His works, particularly Paradise Lost, have influenced countless writers, theologians, and philosophers. His steadfast commitment to freedom of thought, religious tolerance, and the pursuit of truth continues to resonate across generations.
As the poet William Hayley aptly described, Milton was “a genius that gave lustre to his country,” and his contributions to literature and political thought ensure his place among the immortals of English history. Through his timeless words, Milton remains a beacon of intellectual brilliance and unyielding conviction.
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