Ernest Hemingway, short note for UP PGT English

                                           Ernest Hemingway

Personal Background & Early Life

1. Full Name: Ernest Miller Hemingway.
2. Birth Date: July 21, 1899.
3. Birth Place: Oak Park, Illinois, USA.
4. Death Date: July 2, 1961.
5. Death Place: Ketchum, Idaho, USA.
6. Unique Fact: He was born in July and died in July.
7. Father’s Name: Clarence Edmonds Hemingway.
8. Father’s Profession: He was a physician (doctor).
9. Mother’s Name: Grace Hall Hemingway.
10. Mother’s Profession: She was a musician.
11. Father's Influence: Taught him hunting, fishing, and boxing.
12. Mother's Influence: Responsible for his interest in music.
13. Family Size: He was the second of six children and the first son.
14. Childhood Traits: Raised in a rich and disciplined family.
15. High School: Attended Oak Park and River Forest High School.
16. Graduation Year: Finished school in 1917.
17. Nickname: Famously called "Papa" by friends and family.
18. Century: He is a prominent writer of the 20th Century.
19. Nationality: He was an American novelist and short story writer.
20. Post-School Choice: He did not go to university but entered journalism.

Journalism & Early Career

21. First Reporting Job: Worked for The Kansas City Star.
22. School Publication (Newspaper): Wrote for a school paper called The Trapeze.
23. School Publication (Yearbook): Published work in Tabula.
24. Impact of Journalism: It taught him his clear, short, and direct writing style.
25. Foreign Correspondent: Worked in Paris for the Toronto Star.
26. Post-War Employment: Worked for the Toronto Star Weekly.
27. Chicago Years: Worked various jobs in Chicago before moving to Paris.
28. Freelance Career: Acted as a freelance writer in Toronto in 1919.
29. Writing Discipline: Journalism influenced his avoidance of unnecessary adjectives.
30. Editorial Influence: Learned to write short sentences and clear language at the Kansas City Star.

World War I & Military Experience

31. War Service: Involved in World War I (1914-1918).
32. Initial Rejection: Rejected by the army due to poor eyesight.
33. Red Cross Service: Joined the American Red Cross as an ambulance driver.
34. Location of Service: Served on the Italian front.
35. Injury: Badly injured by a mortar shell on July 8, 1918.
36. Bravery Award: Received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery.
37. Hospitalized Romance: Fell in love with a nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky.
38. Heartbreak: Agnes declined to marry him, which influenced his later writing.
39. War Trauma: His war experiences led to themes of meaninglessness and trauma in his books.
40. English Channel: He crossed the English Channel with American troops in 1944.

The "Lost Generation"

41. Definition: Group of writers who survived WWI and felt disillusioned.
42. Term Coinage: The term "Lost Generation" was coined by Gertrude Stein.
43. Origin of Term: Stein heard a garage owner call his young mechanic a "lost generation".
44. Popularization: Hemingway popularized the term in his writing.
45. Key Quote: "You all are a lost generation".
46. First Novel Usage: Used the term in the epigraph of The Sun Also Rises.
47. Group Members: Included F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and James Joyce.
48. Core Theme: Life was viewed as meaningless, uncertain, and hopeless.
49. Disillusionment: The term reflects the disappointment with traditional values after the war.
50. Paris Meeting: Hemingway met these writers while working as a correspondent in Paris.

Writing Style: The "Iceberg Theory"

51. Primary Theory: Known for the "Iceberg Theory".
52. Alternative Name: Also called the "Theory of Omission".
53. Concept: Only 10% of the meaning is on the surface; 90% is hidden below.
54. Reader's Role: The reader must figure out and interpret the hidden deeper meaning.
55. Stylistic Classification: Often called minimalist writing style.
56. Sentence Structure: Characterized by short, direct sentences.
57. Adjectives: He avoided using decorative words or unnecessary adjectives.
58. Dialogue: His narration is heavily dialogue-based.
59. Economy of Words: He was very economical with his language.
60. Action over Explanation: Focused on direct action rather than long explanations.
61. Tone: Used an objective tone, avoiding moral preaching.
62. Realism: Provided realistic and factual descriptions of events.
63. Specific Example: The story Hills Like White Elephants is a classic example of this theory.

The "Hemingway Code Hero"

64. Term Definition: Used for the main characters in Hemingway's works.
65. Core Virtues: Includes courage, dignity, and endurance.
66. Masculinity: Represents masculine strength and survival.
67. Reaction to Pain: The hero endures suffering without complaining.
68. Stoicism: Maintains self-respect and dignity in the face of death.
69. Example Hero: Santiago from The Old Man and the Sea is the ultimate Code Hero.
70. Endurance Quote: "Man is not made for defeat... a man can be destroyed but not defeated" (implied theme).
71. Facing Death: The hero shows grace under pressure (implied concept) when facing death.
72. Moral Code: The character follows a particular code of behavior.

Major Work: The Old Man and the Sea

73. Genre: It is a novella (longer than a short story, shorter than a novel).
74. Publication Year: Published in 1952.
75. Written Year: Completed in 1951.
76. Protagonist: The old fisherman named Santiago.
77. Struggle Duration: Santiago goes 84 days without catching a fish.
78. Themes: Focuses on courage, endurance, and dignity.
79. Setting: Revolves around the sea and a man's struggle with nature.
80. Pulitzer Prize: Hemingway won the Pulitzer Prize for this work in 1953.
81. Nobel Prize: This work significantly contributed to his Nobel Prize in 1954.
82. Narration: Features a strong narrative technique.

Major Work: A Farewell to Arms

83. Genre: A famous war novel.
84. Publication Year: Published in 1929.
85. Setting: Set in Italy during World War I.
86. Themes: Explores war, love, and tragedy.
87. Futility of War: Highlights how war is meaningless and only causes loss.
88. Autobiographical Elements: Based on Hemingway’s own experience in the war.
89. Key Plot: Depicts the trauma after the world war.

Major Work: The Sun Also Rises

90. Status: Hemingway's first major novel.
91. Publication Year: Published in 1926.
92. Main Character: Jake Barnes.
93. Primary Theme: Defines the "Lost Generation".
94. Epigraph: Contains the famous "Lost Generation" quote by Gertrude Stein.
95. Focus: Describes the meaningless and aimless life of people after WWI.
96. Secondary Theme: Deals with disillusionment and failed love.

Other Significant Works

97. The Torrents of Spring (1926): A parody of Sherwood Anderson's Dark Laughter.
98. The Torrents of Spring Subtitle: A Romantic Novel in Honor of the Passing of a Great Race.
99. In Our Time (1925): His first major short story collection published in New York.
100. In Our Time (Paris Edition): Originally released in Paris in 1924.
101. Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923): His first collection, published privately.
102. Death in the Afternoon (1932): A non-fiction work about bullfighting.
103. For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940): A major novel about the Spanish Civil War.
104. To Have and Have Not (1937): Another significant novel.
105. Across the River and Into the Trees (1950): A novel published later in his life.
106. The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber: A famous short story.
107. Hills Like White Elephants: Demonstrates the Iceberg Theory through dialogue.

Personal Life & Relationships

108. Total Marriages: He married four times.
109. Total Divorces: He was divorced three times.
110. First Wife: Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (m. 1921-1927).
111. Child from 1st Marriage: Had one son with Hadley.
112. Second Wife: Pauline Pfeiffer (m. 1927).
113. Children from 2nd Marriage: Had two sons with Pauline.
114. Third Wife: Martha Gellhorn (m. 1940-1945).
115. Cuba Settlement: Moved to Cuba in 1940 with Martha Gellhorn.
116. Fourth Wife: Mary Welsh (m. 1946).
117. Final Companion: Mary Welsh stayed with him until his death.
118. Infidelity: His marriages often ended due to relationships with other women.
119. Sherwood Anderson: Met this novelist in Chicago in 1920, who helped his career.
120. Literary Mentors: Guided by Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein in Paris.

Struggles, Accidents & Health

121. Father's Suicide: His father committed suicide in 1928 using a pistol.
122. Father's Illness: His father suffered from depression and diabetes.
123. Impact on Writing: His father's death brought themes of death and suicide into his work.
124. Africa Trip: He went on a trip to Africa in 1954.
125. Plane Crashes: Survived two plane crashes during the Africa trip.
126. Physical Trauma: These crashes left him with lifelong pain and injuries.
127. Mental Health: Suffered from severe depression and mental pain later in life.
128. Hospitalization: He was hospitalized twice and received electric shock therapy.
129. Physical State: Despite being "strong and masculine," his health declined significantly.
130. Alcoholism: (Implicit in "depression/struggles" context from many sources).

Awards & Honors

131. Pulitzer Prize: Awarded in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.
132. Nobel Prize in Literature: Awarded in 1954.
133. Nobel Prize Citation: Recognized for his mastery of the art of narrative.
134. Italian Silver Medal of Bravery: For his service as an ambulance driver in WWI.
135. Bronze Star: (Mentioned as a general fact in some literary lists, though not detailed in every transcript).
136. International Fame: He is considered one of the most influential writers of the 20th century.

Death & Legacy

137. Method of Death: Committed suicide by shooting himself with a gun.
138. Reason for Suicide: Attributed to depression and physical pain from his injuries.
139. Burial Place: Buried in the Ketchum Cemetery in Idaho.
140. Legacy: His writing style changed the course of modern literature.
141. Post-War Influence: He captured the voice of the disillusioned generation.
142. Masculine Literature: Established a style focused on bravery and stoicism.
143. Key Themes Summary: War, violence, courage, endurance, death, and loss.
144. Literary Technique: His Iceberg Theory remains a standard for teaching minimalist prose.
145. Prose Style: Known for being simple, direct, and powerful.
146. Relationship with Readers: Challenged readers to interact with the text to find meaning.
147. Influence of War: His works reflect a strong psychological impact from war and his father's death.
148. Code Hero Legacy: Characters like Santiago represent the ultimate human struggle.
149. Global Impact: His works are a staple of English Literature exams .
150. Final Assessment: A writer who lived as hard as the characters he created.

 

WORKS OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY

 

NOVELS

 

The Torrents of Spring (1926)

Fiesta / The Sun Also Rises (1926) novel

A Farewell to Arms (1929)

To Have and Have Not (1937)

For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)

Across the River and Into the Trees (1950)

The Old Man and the Sea (1952)

Islands in the Stream (1970)

The Garden of Eden (1986)

True at First Light (1999)

Under Kilimanjaro (2005)

 

 

SHORT STORIES

 

Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923)

In Our Time (1924) short stories

Men Without Women (1927) short stories

Winner Take Nothing (1933)

The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1936)

The Fifth Column and the First Forty Nine Stories (1938)

Man at War (1942) An Anthology of War Stories

The Fifth Column and the Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War (1969)

The Nick Adams Stories (1972)

The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987)

Everyman’s Library: The Collected Stories (1995)

 

NON-FICTION

 

Death in the Afternoon (1932)

The Green Hills of Africa (1935) autobiographical

Hemingway, The Wild Years (1962)

A Moveable Feast (1964) Memoirs

By-Line: Ernest Hemingway (1967)

Ernest Hemingway: Cub Reporter

Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters 1917–1961

The Dangerous Summer (1985)

Dateline: Toronto (1985)